A review of commercial and non-commercial AI tools in lung cancer

AI for tumour proportion scoring of programmed death-ligand 1 immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung cancer: a review of commercial and non-commercial tools

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, commonly quantified as tumour proportion score (TPS), is a key biomarker guiding immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Manual scoring of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is time-consuming and challenged by preanalytical variability and interpretive subjectivity, which can hinder consistent treatment selection. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools aim to support more standardized PD-L1 scoring. We compare publicly available evidence on PD-L1 AI tools and identify barriers to routine implementation. We mapped publicly available evidence for 7 commercial and 13 non-commercial or research-stage PD-L1 AI tools.

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Webers J, Martens S, Gervois P, Mertens I, Tolkach Y, Sucaet Y, Wolfs E, Valkenborg D. AI for tumour proportion scoring of programmed death-ligand 1 immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung cancer: a review of commercial and non-commercial tools. Histopathology. 2026 Aug 23. doi: 10.1111/his.70268. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42634001.